Part I - Relative.
———————————————-
Pro:
“Art, like morality, consists in drawing a line somewhere.” - G.K. Chesterton

Con:

“What is morality in any given time or place? It is what the majority
then and there happen to like and immorality is what they dislike.” -
Alfred Whitehead

———————————————–

Objective:
———————————————–
In C.S. Lewis’ book, Mere Christianity,
he explores the logical thought processes used to establish the
foundation for Christianity, and provides several analogies which are
useful to explain the principles on which the Biblical concepts of
morality are based. I’d like to quote a short excerpt.

 Quote:

Every one has heard people quarreling. Sometimes it sounds funny and
sometimes it sounds merely unpleasant; but however it sounds, I believe
we can learn something very important from listening to the kinds of
things they say. They say things like this: “How’d you like it if
anyone did the same to you?”–”That’s my seat, I was there
first”–”Leave him alone, he isn’t doing you any harm”–”Why should you
shove in first?”–”Give me a bit of your orange, I gave you a bit of
mine”–”Come on, you promised.” People say things like that every day,
educated people, as well as uneducated, and children as well as
grown-ups.

Now what interests me about all these remarks is that the man who makes
them is not merely saying that the other man’s behavior does not happen
to please him. He is appealing to some kind of standard of behavior
which he expects[ the other man to know about. And the other man very
seldom replies: “To hell with your standard.” Nearly always he tries to
make out that what he has been doing does not really go against the
standard, or that if it does there is some special excuse. He pretends
there is some special reason in this particular case why the person who
took the seat first should not keep it, or that things were quite
different when he was given the bit of orange, or that something has
turned up which lets him off keeping his promise. It looks, in fact,
very much as if both parties had in mind some kind of Law or Rule of
fair play or decent behavior or morality or whatever you like to call
it, about which they really agreed. And they have.

Now, what we have just seen, is an analogy. It is not a statement of
absolute proof, which demolishes all arguments to the contrary.
However, it points out something which, if you claim to be a thinking,
reasoning being, you may have thought about, or need to think about.

If you say something is “wrong” - why do you say that?
If you say something is “wrong” - where did you just get that standard?
Some in the atheist camp - namely, Michael Martin - believe that it is
possible to be an atheist, and an objective moralist. More power to
them. I wonder, though - what standards, precisely, do they set as the
object? We’re getting ahead of ourselves, though.
—————————————
Pro:

“Morality is always the product of terror; its chains and
strait-waistcoats are fashioned by those who dare not trust others,
because they dare not trust themselves, to walk in liberty.” - Aldous
Huxley

Con:
“There is only one morality, as there is only one geometry.” - Voltaire
—————————————
Subjective:
—————————————
Perhaps the most famous proponent of subjective morality was Pythagoras, who said “Humans are the measure of all things.”

(For the record, the terms “subjective”, and “relative”, for the
purposes of this short essay, will be considered interchangeable.)

Subjective morality was defined quite succinctly by B.W. Van Norden in a recent paper of his. So, I’m going to quote it for you.

 Quote:

Speaking at the most general level, relativism is the doctrine that a claim is true or false only in relation to some particular viewpoint or perspective.
Specific kinds of relativism may be distinguished according to (1)
which kinds of claims the doctrine of relativism applies to, and (2)
which viewpoint or perspective these claims are relative to.

Relativism applied to ethical claims is called, sensibly enough, “ethical relativism. Ethical
relativism is the doctrine that all ethical claims are true or false
only in relation to some particular viewpoint or perspective.

Source.

There is also cultural subjectivism, but that’s another issue.

Basically, the crux of the argument converges at one point: That there
is no absolute standard for right and wrong: Except that there is no absolute standard for right and wrong.

Now, if you’re a quick study, you’ll immediately see the paradox implicit in that statement.

Now, we’ll look, a bit, at the problematical aspects of this philosophical worldview.

1. If there is no standard, how do we presume to create, enforce, or quantify law?

2. If standards differ with each individual, who are we to say anything when someone commits an act contrary to our standards?

3. If standards are relative to each other, on what scale, or measure, do we say that they are relative to each other?

—————————————–
Pro:
“Man was destined for society. His morality therefore was to be formed
to this object. He was endowed with a sense of right & wrong merely
relative to this. This sense is as much a part of his nature as the
sense of hearing, seeing, feeling; it is the true foundation of
morality, & not the {to kalon}, truth, &c. as fanciful writers
have imagined. The moral sense, or conscience, is as much a part of man
as his leg or arm. It is given to all human beings in a stronger or
weaker degree, as force of members is given them in a greater or less
degree.” - Thomas Jefferson

Con:
“Morals are an acquirement - like music, like a foreign language, like
piety, poker, paralysis - no man is born with them.” - Mark Twain

—————————————–
Objective:
—————————————–

C.S. Lewis goes on to speak about the foundation of moral law, and the principles inherent in moral law.

 Quote:

There are two ways in which the human machine goes wrong. One is when
human individuals drift apart from one another, or else collide with
one another and do one another damage, by cheating or bullying. The
other is when things go wrong inside the individual–when the different
parts of him (his different faculties and desires and so on) either
drift apart or interfere with one another. You can get the idea . . .
if you think of us as a fleet of ships sailing in formation. The voyage
will be a success only, in the first place, if the ships do not collide
and get in one another’s way; and secondly, if each ship is seaworthy
and has her engines in good order. As a matter of fact, you cannot have
either of these two things without the other. If the ships keep on
having collisions they will not remain seaworthy very long. On the
other hand, if their steering gears are out of order they will not be
able to avoid collisions.

“But there is one thing we have not yet taken into account. We have not
asked where the fleet is trying to get to. . . . And however well the
fleet sailed, its voyage would be a failure if it were meant to reach
New York and actually arrived at Calcutta.

“Morality, then, seems to be concerned with three things. Firstly, with
fair play and harmony between individuals. Secondly, with what might be
called tidying up or harmonizing the thing inside each individual.
Thirdly, with the general purpose of human life as a whole: what man
was made for? What course the whole fleet ought to be on? . . .

So, if we have established that Christian morality is concerned with these three things, what is the logical conclusion?

1. Right and wrong is determined on an objective basis.
There is an outside determination of such principles, apart from
subjective experience. Atheists claim that this trait “evolved”.
Christians claim that this trait is called “conscience”, and is an
inborn, spiritual part of every human being, which reveals the
existence of absolute morality in creation. (Romans 2:14-17)

2. Morality is implicit in human consciousness. Everyone knows, in
themselves, the basis of right and wrong. Those who know what is right,
and don’t do it - are wrong. (James 1:17)

3. There is also a true and legitimate, objective basis for absolute
truth: God, who gave it to us, and will hold us to account for our
adherence to His standard.

Such a standard necessarily transcends the world of description. It
presupposes that God exists and has spoken, or revealed such standards.
The true absolute contends that the Creator of man AND nature has given
such values that are commensurate with the way He made us and
appropriate to people’s problems and aspirations.

Thus, in painfully short form, we have the Christian foundation for objective truth.
——————————————-

Now, we arrive at the heart of the problem.

When we look at today’s society, and we think; “What are the issues Evangelicals care about?”

This subject will come to mind. Not immediately, and maybe not even
until a thorough discussion of the issues reveal it. However, this core
issue is at the heart of much of the debate raging around the country.

Evangelicals, I find it safe to say, believe that there is one,
over-arching, absolute Truth. With a capital T. The only Truth is that
which comes from God. When we apply that to morality, we have an
absolute statement to make. That statement reads as follows, in my own
words:

—————————-
While we do not deny that there are elements of truth in most
religions, we must, and we shall, reject any self-styled “truth” which
contradicts the moral law, and the moral standards set forth in
Scripture, which we believe to be the literal, inspired Word of God. To
do anything other is a dangerous ignorance at best, and outright
rebellion, at worst. While the world may be deceived by claims to
truth, we must not, and cannot, cease to proclaim, and to advance, the
Truth set forth in Scripture. To cease to so is spiritual, societal,
and moral suicide.

We recognize that certain religions all have a kernel of truth,
somewhere in their practices, and doctrines - otherwise, noone would
ascribe to them. Men recognize truth, as it is in their nature to do
so. However, the lies which are most convincing, are those which
contain an element of truth, yet are deceitful, at their core. To
sacrifice our devotion to the Truth, and to the Author of Truth, at the
altar of “tolerance” is neither beneficial, nor sane. While we can
respect that the proponent of a certain viewpoint holds that viewpoint,
intellectual honesty, as well as spiritual honesty, demands that we
challenge that viewpoint. Reserving our right to challenge the factual,
doctrinal, philosophical, spiritual, and moral tenets of faiths we
consider to be erroneous is not only crucial - it is the basic
foundation for our beliefs. Wherever any faith, creed, or belief
converges from Christianity, it is wrong. Christianity is no more
tolerant of untruth, illogic, unsound beliefs, or spiritual danger than
nature is tolerant of defiance of gravity.

————-
C.S. Lewis puts it best, yet again:

 Quote:

I have been asked to tell you what Christians believe, and I am going
to begin by telling you one thing that Christians do not need to
believe. If you are a Christian you do not have to believe that all the
other religions are simply wrong all through. If you are an atheist you
do have to believe that the main point in all the religions of the
whole word is simply one huge mistake. If you are a Christian, you are
free to think that all these religions, even the queerest one, contain
at least some hint of the truth. When I was an atheist I had to try to
persuade myself that most of the human race have always been wrong
about the question that mattered to them most; when I became a
Christian I was able to take a more liberal view. But,
of course, being a Christian does mean thinking that where Christianity
differs from other religions, Christianity is right and they are wrong.
As in arithmetic- there is only one right answer to a sum, and all
other answers are wrong: but some of the wrong answers are much nearer
being right than others.

…

If you do not take the distinction between good and bad very seriously,
then it is easy to say that anything you find in this world is a part
of God. But, of course, if you think some things really bad, and God
really good, then you cannot talk like that. You must believe that God
is separate from the world and that some of the things we see in it are
contrary to His will. Confronted with a cancer or a slum the Pantheist
can say, ‘If you could only see it from the divine point of view, you
would realize that this also is God.’ The Christian replies. ‘Don’t
talk damned nonsense.’ For Christianity is a fighting religion.
It thinks God made the world–that space and time, heat and cold, and
all the colours and tastes, and all the animals and vegetables, are
things that God ‘made up out of His head’ as a man makes up a story.
But it also thinks that a great many things have gone wrong with the
world that God made and that God insists, and insists very loudly, on
putting them right again

This is why Christians are often, even justly, called “intolerant”. We
don’t tolerate nonsense, we don’t tolerate lies told in place of truth,
and we don’t tolerate being told that “there is no real truth”.

A Roman governor once answered something similar to Jesus.

However, it was in reply to this statement:

 Quote:

You say correctly that I am a king. For this I have been born, and for
this I have come into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who
is of the truth hears My voice.

This is also why, without fail, an evangelical, when given the opportunity to explain Christianity, will do so.

“Evangelical” refers to a very specific thing: “Evangel.”
comes from Greek euangelion, “good news”. Also known as “The gospel”.
(also a translation of the Greek “euangelion”.) And, as a little known
fact… the word “angel” means “messenger”. It can be traced back to
the word “angelos” - a very close relation to the word above. Angels,
in the Bible, were almost exclusively used as messengers for God, to
man.

Our passion, and our central focus, is on the spread, and
dissemination, of that “good news” - the account of God, becoming man,
dying on a cross in place of us, in order to save us from our fall into
sin and death. Most importantly, rising from the dead, on the third
day, to show us both His power, and His plan for us.

So yes - a world without absolute truth precludes a need for the Truth of the Good News.

A word without absolute truth, is a world without meaning. A world
where you cease to exist, for all eternity, when you die. Such a world
is not only logically inconsistent - but a horrible thought to
contemplate.

————————————–
Part II - Relevance.

—————————–
Whew.

So, now that we’ve addressed the logical instabilities inherent in
subjective/relative morals - now, it’s time to address why, despite the
fallacies inherent in them - they are used.

——————————
In Francis Schaeffer’s book, “The Christian Manifesto”, he lays out the counter-claims to “The Humanist Manifesto”.

So, before we delve into Schaeffer, we’ll examine this Humanist “manifesto”.

 Quote:

Today man’s larger understanding of the universe, his scientific
achievements, and deeper appreciation of brotherhood, have created a
situation which requires a new statement of the means and purposes of
religion. Such a vital, fearless, and frank religion capable of
furnishing adequate social goals and personal satisfactions may appear
to many people as a complete break with the past. While this age does
owe a vast debt to the traditional religions, it is none the less
obvious that any religion that can hope to be a synthesizing and
dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To
establish such a religion is a major necessity of the present. It is a
responsibility which rests upon this generation. We therefore affirm
the following:

FIRST: Religious humanists regard the universe as self-existing and not created.

SECOND: Humanism believes that man is a part of nature and that he has emerged as a result of a continuous process.

THIRD: Holding an organic view of life, humanists find that the traditional dualism of mind and body must be rejected.

FOURTH: Humanism recognizes that man’s religious culture and
civilization, as clearly depicted by anthropology and history, are the
product of a gradual development due to his interaction with his
natural environment and with his social heritage. The individual born
into a particular culture is largely molded by that culture.

FIFTH: Humanism asserts that the nature of the universe depicted
by modern science makes unacceptable any supernatural or cosmic
guarantees of human values. Obviously humanism does not deny the
possibility of realities as yet undiscovered, but it does insist that
the way to determine the existence and value of any and all realities
is by means of intelligent inquiry and by the assessment of their
relations to human needs. Religion must formulate its hopes and plans
in the light of the scientific spirit and method.

SIXTH: We are convinced that the time has passed for theism, deism, modernism, and the several varieties of “new thought”.

SEVENTH: Religion consists of those actions, purposes, and
experiences which are humanly significant. Nothing human is alien to
the religious. It includes labor, art, science, philosophy, love,
friendship, recreation — all that is in its degree expressive of
intelligently satisfying human living. The distinction between the
sacred and the secular can no longer be maintained.

EIGHTH: Religious Humanism considers the complete realization of
human personality to be the end of man’s life and seeks its development
and fulfillment in the here and now. This is the explanation of the
humanist’s social passion.

NINTH: In the place of the old attitudes involved in worship and
prayer the humanist finds his religious emotions expressed in a
heightened sense of personal life and in a cooperative effort to
promote social well-being.

TENTH: It follows that there will be no uniquely religious
emotions and attitudes of the kind hitherto associated with belief in
the supernatural.

ELEVENTH: Man will learn to face the crises of life in terms of
his knowledge of their naturalness and probability. Reasonable and
manly attitudes will be fostered by education and supported by custom.
We assume that humanism will take the path of social and mental hygiene
and discourage sentimental and unreal hopes and wishful thinking.

TWELFTH: Believing that religion must work increasingly for joy in
living, religious humanists aim to foster the creative in man and to
encourage achievements that add to the satisfactions of life.

THIRTEENTH: Religious humanism maintains that all associations and
institutions exist for the fulfillment of human life. The intelligent
evaluation, transformation, control, and direction of such associations
and institutions with a view to the enhancement of human life is the
purpose and program of humanism. Certainly religious institutions,
their ritualistic forms, ecclesiastical methods, and communal
activities must be reconstituted as rapidly as experience allows, in
order to function effectively in the modern world.

FOURTEENTH: The humanists are firmly convinced that existing
acquisitive and profit-motivated society has shown itself to be
inadequate and that a radical change in methods, controls, and motives
must be instituted. A socialized and cooperative economic order must be
established to the end that the equitable distribution of the means of
life be possible. The goal of humanism is a free and universal society
in which people voluntarily and intelligently cooperate for the common
good. Humanists demand a shared life in a shared world.

FIFTEENTH AND LAST: We assert that humanism will: (a) affirm life
rather than deny it; (b) seek to elicit the possibilities of life, not
flee from them; and (c) endeavor to establish the conditions of a
satisfactory life for all, not merely for the few. By this positive
morale and intention humanism will be guided, and from this perspective
and alignment the techniques and efforts of humanism will flow.

Wow. If you examine this document thoroughly, you will find that this, in a nutshell, is the root of current secular thought.

We shall also find, if we examine the successor to the original Humanist manifesto (which was penned in 1933), the Humanist Manifesto II (1973), that we find not only the root - but the absolute foundation for subjective morality.

Read the following statement, from the second “manifesto”.

 Quote:

We affirm that moral values derive their source from human experience. Ethics is autonomous and situational needing no theological or ideological sanction. Ethics stems from human need and interest.

Note the phrase I bolded above.

Now, a short explanation is in order. The term “situational” ethics
refers to a school of thought that is very similar to subjective
morality. In fact, it is, more or less, the same thing. You can read up
on it Here, should you wish. I’ll define it for us, though. Situation ethics, as defined by dictionary.com,
is “a system of ethics that evaluates acts in light of their
situational context rather than by the application of moral absolutes.”
Ok? Now, doesn’t that sound familiar?

So, according to this definition, morality is fluid, and not defined by any set standard - only by context, or the situation.

I know that I didn’t really need to define that, but I hate leaving
undefined terms out there when I’ll be leaning heavily on them.

SO. We’ve seen what humanism believes, as it pertains to morality. Now
Let’s look at how it views religion… and what religion it seeks to
create. Yes, humanism, within the humanist manifesto, seeks to create a
religion, based on the assumption that humanity’s place in the world as
preeminent.

Note also, the following.

1. The universe was not created.

2. “Continuous process”, as I understand this statement, is endorsing evolution.

3. The mind and the body are one - there is no spirit.

4. Religion is an evolved, natural process.

5. The supernatural does not exist. The only reality is that posed by scientific inquiry - thus, materialism.

6. Everything which came before is no longer valid, as pertains to religion.

7. Religion is human-centric, not God-centric.

8. There is no life after death. All of existence is our mortal lives.

9. Religion is “heightened self” and “social well-being”.

10. Religion, thus, has no ties to the supernatural.

11. Religion focuses on “reality”, and discourages “sentimentality”.

12. Religious aims constitute furtherance of “satisfaction”

13. Religion exists to “fulfill” human life

14. Humanists demand a shared life in a shared world. (Communism? )

15. Humanism seeks to promote “life”, by moral principles.

Whew. Now, as much as I would really, really
like to answer each point from the Christian perspective… I won’t.
That is a different subject entirely, and not within the scope of this
discussion. However, I will ask you to note, that these tenets line up,
very closely, with the direction and intention of modern-day thought,
and morality.

“I’m not a subjective moralist!” I can hear some of you saying this
right now. Well, let me ask you this. If your morality is not founded
on Biblical principles, but upon something else - what is that
“something”? Your own perceptions of morality? Well, what is there to
keep you from changing those views? If you DO change them - is it not
subject to your own thoughts, feelings, and beliefs on the matter?

What external basis do you compare your own standards to, and thus
achieve “objective” morality? The “social” morality? Well… if it
founded upon the collective viewpoints of many - what is to keep _that_
from changing? What objective, set apart standard of morality do you
adhere to? Is it unchanging? Is it unchangeable? I ask you… is it, in
fact, objective, then? I prefer not to call it “objective
morality, actually. Objective will bring to mind an object. A physical
entity - which can be affected by other physical entities. An object can be moved.. In the deepest sense, objective morality is no more absolute than subjective. Absolute morality is the more correct term. Upon what absolute is your morality founded?

————————————

Francis Schaeffer is considered, by many (and rightfully so) to be the
foremost Christian philosopher of the 20th century. He cuts incisively
through the fluff that surrounds the penetrating political, moral and
spiritual questions we face today. His insight is incredible. if you
want to know - truly know what Christianity is, intellectually - read this man’s writing.

 Quote:

The word Humanism should be carefully defined. We should not just use
it as a flag, or what younger people might call a “buzz” word. We must
understand what we are talking about when we use the word Humanism. Humanism means that the man is the measure of all things.
Man is the measure of all things. If this other final reality of
material or energy shaped by pure chance is the final reality, it gives
no meaning to life. It gives no value system. It gives no basis for
law, and therefore, in this case, man must be the measure of all
things. So, Humanism properly defined, in contrast, let us say, to the
humanities or humanitarianism, (which is something entirely different
and which Christians should be in favor of) being the measure of all
things, comes naturally, mathematically, inevitably, certainly. If indeed the final reality is silent about these values, then man must generate them from himself.

So. If we do not get our values from an outside source…(God) they
must come from ourselves. This, my friends, is the absolute,
unequivocally real conclusion we must draw! Be it collective, personal,
or “internal” (conscience), this is where they must be derived. Can we,
with any sort of truth, define such a view as “objective” truth?

Furthermore, those of you who reject the Bible as literal, absolute truth, yet call it “moral teaching” - are we not siding with the humanists, by interpreting for ourselves that which is right? By picking and choosing for yourselves which truths to accept, and which to reject - are you not simply “borrowing” your own “truth”, while rejecting that which does not “suit” you? in what possible way does such a “morality” lend itself to absolutes - if you reject whatever you decide?

There are two beliefs: Absolutism, and Subjectivism, at heart.
Everything which does not fit into “absolutism” is simply a different
form of Subjectivism - somewhere on the “sliding scale” we try to call
“Objective”, as if by fixing a certain point on that sliding rule, we
can ignore the metrics by which that slide rule is divided. Or the fact
that such metrics exist!

 Quote:

But it is not only that man must start from himself in the area of knowledge and learning, but any value system must come arbitrarily from man himself by arbitrary choice. More frightening still, in our country, at our own moment of history, is the fact that any basis of law then becomes arbitrary — merely certain people making decisions as to what is for the good of society at the given moment.

Now this is the real reason for the breakdown in morals in our country.
It’s the real reason for the breakdown in values in our country, and it is the reason that our Supreme Court now functions so thoroughly upon the fact of arbitrary law.

They have no basis for law that is fixed, therefore, like the young
person who decides to live hedonistic ally upon their own chosen
arbitrary values, society is now doing the same thing legally. Certain
few people come together and decide what they arbitrarily believe is
for the good of society at the given moment, and that becomes law.

The world view that the final reality is only material or energy shaped
by pure chance, inevitably, (that’s the next word I would bring to you
) mathematically — with mathematical certainty — brings forth all
these other results which are in our country and in our society which
have led to the breakdown in the country — in society — and which are
its present sorrows. So, if you hold this other world view, you must
realize that it is inevitable that we will come to the very sorrows of
relativity and all these other things that are so represented in our
country at this moment of history.

Truth is objective, you say? Tell me this. Why does the same clause in
the Constitution - namely, the “establishment” clause, mean one thing,
up until this century - and now mean it’s exact opposite today? The
answer?

Subjectivism. The word “establishment” means the exact same thing, when it was penned as part of the Bill of Rights, as it does today. The meaning, the intent, and even the definitions of words themselves have been twisted into ten kinds of pretzels to attempt to “justify” the “new” intent, without the inconvenience of actually changing the words themselves!

THAT is what moral relativism brings you to. You can
lie to others, you can lie to yourself. If you are told a lie enough
times, you may even believe it to be true. If you lie to yourself
enough, you may end up thinking of yourself as truthful - by your own lights! This, however, does not negate the central issue: When absolutes no longer hold sway, there is no fixed system of morality. Unless you are willing to say this is so, and thus, is always true, at all times - and have some external reference to keep that standard unchanging… you are, in fact, a proponent of subjective morality.

Try to call it “social morality”. Society is the objective reference! Society is in a constant state of flux. If you count on society to provide your “objective reference”, you are up the creek, without a paddle.

 Quote:

It should be noticed that this new dominant world view is a view which is exactly opposite
from that of the founding fathers of this country. Now, not all the
founding fathers were individually, personally, Christians. That
certainly is true. But, nevertheless, they founded the country on the
base that there is a God who is the Creator (now I come to the next central phrase) who gave the inalienable rights.

We must understand something very thoroughly. If society — if the state gives the rights, it can take them away — they’re not inalienable.
If the states give the rights, they can change them and manipulate
them. But this was not the view of the founding fathers of this
country. They believed, although not all of them were individual
Christians, that there was a Creator and that this Creator gave the
inalienable rights — this upon which our country was founded and which
has given us the freedoms which we still have — even the freedoms
which are being used now to destroy the freedoms.

The reason that these freedoms were there is because they believed there was somebody who gave the inalienable rights. But if we have the view that the final reality is material or energy which has existed forever in some form, we must understand that this view never, never, never would have given the rights which we now know and which, unhappily, I say to you (those of you who are Christians) that too often you take all too much for granted.
You forget that the freedoms which we have in northern Europe after the
Reformation (and the United States is an extension of that, as would be
Australia or Canada, New Zealand, etc.) are absolutely unique in the
world.

What does the Declaration of Independence say?

Tell me. Read it. Please tell me what, exactly, is the intent of the people who wrote it. The person who was a Deist wrote this. Not even a Christian, but a Deist!

 Quote:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

Oh, please tell me how that can be misconstrued! If not the Creator, [i]WHO gave us these “unalienable” rights!

Tell me! Society? We’ve already discussed that! The State? The State giveth, the State can taketh away! Individuals? How does a “right” granted by an individual constitute an inalienable right?

THIS is the central, absolute problem facing us. If not God, WHO!

Who!

If God does not give us morality - if God is dead, as Nietzsche claims… then who defines morality? Us? Then, good sir - kindly explain how “objective” your morality is. How absolute
your morality is. Then, good sir, kindly explain how your conception of
morality, when it impinges mine, is any more correct. Or how any
“morality” can even conceive itself correct, even in self-deceit, if,
by definition, it is no more “correct” than that of anyone else.

Oh, and while you are at it - explain the source of our inalienable rights, if not defined by the state, or society.

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Now we have turned it over and we have put it on its head and what we
must do is absolutely insist that we return to what the First Amendment
meant in the first place — not that religion can’t have an influence
into society and into the state — not that. But we must insist that
there’s a freedom that the First Amendment really gave. Now with this
we must emphasize, and I said it, but let me say it again, we do not
want a theocracy! I personally am opposed to a theocracy. On this side
of the New Testament I do not believe there is a place for a theocracy
’till Jesus the King comes back. But that’s a very different thing
while saying clearly we are not in favor of a theocracy in name or in
fact, from where we are now, where all religious influence is shut out
of the processes of the state and the public schools. We are only
asking for one thing. We are asking for the freedom that the First
Amendment guaranteed. That’s what we should be standing for.

Interpretation is just a fancy way of saying “change the meaning.”

Do not - I repeat, do not, equivocate. If you are saying no external
standard for morality exists, you are, in effect, saying that you
are the basis, and the judge, of right, and wrong. This is, and we have
demonstratively shown it to be, the very heart of subjective morality.
We have also shown that a “pick and choose” version of “absolute”
morality is nothing but a flimsy attempt to play bait and switch with
Truth.

Truth either is, or is not, absolute. The moment you say it is
otherwise, you begin the path of “subjective” truth. Until we reverse
our course, our destination lies fully along the path of the humanist
manifesto.

So, along with Mr. Schaeffer, I present to you the Christian Manifesto:
God is God, and we are not. Thus, our standards can only be measured by
the yardstick of His eternal truth. To do otherwise is folly.

~Finis
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Further Discussion: Mektek’s Political @ Religious Debate forums